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For most patients, quite a long time.
For example, breast cancer patients who have had surgery can take the hormone treatment Tamoxifen for five years followed by Letrozole for 5 years afterwards.
For prostate cancer, hormone therapy is often combined with radiotherapy. Typically, it is given for 4 - 6 months in total. For men with locally advanced prostate cancer, it can be given for about 3 years.
For men with a large prostate, hormone therapy can be used initially for about 3 months in an attempt to reduce the size of the prostate.
Hormone therapy works better for some patients than for others, and may not be appropriate for every breast or prostate cancer patient. If your doctor thinks it isn't working, s/he may stop the hormone therapy and discuss other treatment options with you.